Understanding Storage Configuration: Exchange 2010 Help

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Supported storage architectures

Storage architecture	Description	Best practice
Direct-attached storage (DAS)	DAS is a digital storage system directly attached to a server or workstation, without a storage network in between. For example, DAS transports include Serial Attached Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) and Serial Attached Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA).	Not available.
Storage area network (SAN): Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI)	SAN is an architecture to attach remote computer storage devices (such as disk arrays and tape libraries) to servers in such a way that the devices appear as locally attached to the operating system (for example, block storage). iSCSI SANs encapsulate SCSI commands within IP packets and use standard networking infrastructure as the storage transport (for example, Ethernet).	Don't share physical disks backing up Exchange data with other applications. Use dedicated storage networks. Use multiple network paths for stand-alone configurations.
SAN: Fibre Channel	Fibre Channel SANs encapsulate SCSI commands within Fibre Channel packets and generally utilize specialized Fibre Channel networks as the storage transport.	Don't share physical disks backing up Exchange data with other applications. Use multiple Fibre Channel network paths for stand-alone configurations. Follow storage vendor's best practices for tuning Fibre Channel host bus adapters (HBAs), for example, Queue Depth and Queue Target.

Storage architecture

Description

Best practice

Direct-attached storage (DAS)

DAS is a digital storage system directly attached to a server or workstation, without a storage network in between. For example, DAS transports include Serial Attached Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) and Serial Attached Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA).

Not available.

Storage area network (SAN): Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI)

SAN is an architecture to attach remote computer storage devices (such as disk arrays and tape libraries) to servers in such a way that the devices appear as locally attached to the operating system (for example, block storage). iSCSI SANs encapsulate SCSI commands within IP packets and use standard networking infrastructure as the storage transport (for example, Ethernet).

Don't share physical disks backing up Exchange data with other applications.

Use dedicated storage networks.

Use multiple network paths for stand-alone configurations.

SAN: Fibre Channel

Fibre Channel SANs encapsulate SCSI commands within Fibre Channel packets and generally utilize specialized Fibre Channel networks as the storage transport.

Don't share physical disks backing up Exchange data with other applications.

Use multiple Fibre Channel network paths for stand-alone configurations.

Follow storage vendor's best practices for tuning Fibre Channel host bus adapters (HBAs), for example, Queue Depth and Queue Target.

A network-attached storage (NAS) unit is a self-contained computer connected to a network, with the sole purpose of supplying file-based data storage services to other devices on the network. The operating system and other software on the NAS unit provide the functionality of data storage, file systems, and access to files, and the management of these functionalities (for example, file storage).

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Physical Disk Types

The following table provides a list of supported physical disk types and provides best practice guidance for each physical disk type where appropriate.

Supported physical disk types

Physical disk type	Description	Supported or best practice
Serial ATA (SATA)	SATA is a serial interface for ATA and integrated device electronics (IDE) disks. SATA disks are available in a variety of form factors, speeds, and capacities. In general, choose SATA disks for Exchange 2010 mailbox storage when you have the following design requirements: High capacity Moderate performance Moderate power utilization	Supported: 512-byte sector disks for Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2. In addition, 512e disks are supported for Windows Server 2008 R2 with the following: The hotfix described in Microsoft Knowledge Base article 982018, An update that improves the compatibility of Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 with Advanced Format Disks is available. Windows Server 2008 R2 with Service Pack 1 (SP1) and Exchange Server 2010 SP1. Support requires that all copies of a database reside on the same physical disk type. For example, it is not a supported configuration to host one copy of a given database on a 512-byte sector disk and another copy of that same database on a 512e disk. Also be aware that 4-kilobyte (KB) sector disks are not supported for any version of Microsoft Exchange and 512e disks are not supported for any version of Exchange prior to Exchange Server 2010 SP 1. Best practice: Consider enterprise class SATA disks, which generally have better heat, vibration, and reliability characteristics.
Serial Attached SCSI	Serial Attached SCSI is a serial interface for SCSI disks. Serial Attached SCSI disks are available in a variety of form factors, speeds, and capacities. In general, choose Serial Attached SCSI disks for Exchange 2010 mailbox storage when you have the following design requirements: Moderate capacity High performance Moderate power utilization	Supported: 512-byte sector disks for Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2. In addition, 512e disks are supported for Windows Server 2008 R2 with the following: The hotfix described in Microsoft Knowledge Base article 982018, An update that improves the compatibility of Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 with Advanced Format Disks is available. Windows Server 2008 R2 with Service Pack 1 (SP1) and Exchange Server 2010 SP1. Support requires that all copies of a database reside on the same physical disk type. For example, it is not a supported configuration to host one copy of a given database on a 512-byte sector disk and another copy of that same database on a 512e disk. Also be aware that 4-kilobyte (KB) sector disks are not supported for any version of Microsoft Exchange and 512e disks are not supported for any version of Exchange prior to Exchange Server 2010 SP 1. Best practice: Physical disk-write caching must be disabled when used without a UPS.
Fibre Channel	Fibre Channel is an electrical interface used to connect disks to Fibre Channel-based SANs. Fibre Channel disks are available in a variety of speeds and capacities. In general, choose Fibre Channel disks for Exchange 2010 mailbox storage when you have the following design requirements: Moderate capacity High performance SAN connectivity	Supported: 512-byte sector disks for Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2. In addition, 512e disks are supported for Windows Server 2008 R2 with the following: The hotfix described in Microsoft Knowledge Base article 982018, An update that improves the compatibility of Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 with Advanced Format Disks is available. Windows Server 2008 R2 with Service Pack 1 (SP1) and Exchange Server 2010 SP1. Support requires that all copies of a database reside on the same physical disk type. For example, it is not a supported configuration to host one copy of a given database on a 512-byte sector disk and another copy of that same database on a 512e disk. Also be aware that 4-kilobyte (KB) sector disks are not supported for any version of Microsoft Exchange and 512e disks are not supported for any version of Exchange prior to Exchange Server 2010 SP 1. Best practice: Physical disk-write caching must be disabled when used without a UPS.
Solid-state drive (SSD) (flash disk)	An SSD is a data storage device that uses solid-state memory to store persistent data. An SSD emulates a hard disk drive interface. SSD disks are available in a variety of speeds (different I/O performance capabilities) and capacities. In general, choose SSD disks for Exchange 2010 mailbox storage when you have the following design requirements: Low capacity Extremely high performance	Supported: 512-byte sector disks for Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2. In addition, 512e disks are supported for Windows Server 2008 R2 with the following: The hotfix described in Microsoft Knowledge Base article 982018, An update that improves the compatibility of Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 with Advanced Format Disks is available. Windows Server 2008 R2 with Service Pack 1 (SP1) and Exchange Server 2010 SP1. Support requires that all copies of a database reside on the same physical disk type. For example, it is not a supported configuration to host one copy of a given database on a 512-byte sector disk and another copy of that same database on a 512e disk. Also be aware that 4-kilobyte (KB) sector disks are not supported for any version of Microsoft Exchange and 512e disks are not supported for any version of Exchange prior to Exchange Server 2010 SP 1. Best practice: Physical disk-write caching must be disabled when used without a UPS. In general, Exchange 2010 Mailbox servers don't require the performance characteristics of SSD storage.

Physical disk type

Description

Supported or best practice

Serial ATA (SATA)

SATA is a serial interface for ATA and integrated device electronics (IDE) disks. SATA disks are available in a variety of form factors, speeds, and capacities.

In general, choose SATA disks for Exchange 2010 mailbox storage when you have the following design requirements:

High capacity
Moderate performance
Moderate power utilization

Supported: 512-byte sector disks for Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2. In addition, 512e disks are supported for Windows Server 2008 R2 with the following:

The hotfix described in Microsoft Knowledge Base article 982018, An update that improves the compatibility of Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 with Advanced Format Disks is available.
Windows Server 2008 R2 with Service Pack 1 (SP1) and Exchange Server 2010 SP1.

Support requires that all copies of a database reside on the same physical disk type. For example, it is not a supported configuration to host one copy of a given database on a 512-byte sector disk and another copy of that same database on a 512e disk. Also be aware that 4-kilobyte (KB) sector disks are not supported for any version of Microsoft Exchange and 512e disks are not supported for any version of Exchange prior to Exchange Server 2010 SP 1.

Best practice: Consider enterprise class SATA disks, which generally have better heat, vibration, and reliability characteristics.

Serial Attached SCSI

Serial Attached SCSI is a serial interface for SCSI disks. Serial Attached SCSI disks are available in a variety of form factors, speeds, and capacities.

In general, choose Serial Attached SCSI disks for Exchange 2010 mailbox storage when you have the following design requirements:

Moderate capacity
High performance
Moderate power utilization

Supported: 512-byte sector disks for Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2. In addition, 512e disks are supported for Windows Server 2008 R2 with the following:

The hotfix described in Microsoft Knowledge Base article 982018, An update that improves the compatibility of Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 with Advanced Format Disks is available.
Windows Server 2008 R2 with Service Pack 1 (SP1) and Exchange Server 2010 SP1.

Best practice: Physical disk-write caching must be disabled when used without a UPS.

Fibre Channel

Fibre Channel is an electrical interface used to connect disks to Fibre Channel-based SANs. Fibre Channel disks are available in a variety of speeds and capacities.

In general, choose Fibre Channel disks for Exchange 2010 mailbox storage when you have the following design requirements:

Moderate capacity
High performance
SAN connectivity

Supported: 512-byte sector disks for Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2. In addition, 512e disks are supported for Windows Server 2008 R2 with the following:

The hotfix described in Microsoft Knowledge Base article 982018, An update that improves the compatibility of Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 with Advanced Format Disks is available.
Windows Server 2008 R2 with Service Pack 1 (SP1) and Exchange Server 2010 SP1.

Best practice: Physical disk-write caching must be disabled when used without a UPS.

Solid-state drive (SSD) (flash disk)

An SSD is a data storage device that uses solid-state memory to store persistent data. An SSD emulates a hard disk drive interface. SSD disks are available in a variety of speeds (different I/O performance capabilities) and capacities.

In general, choose SSD disks for Exchange 2010 mailbox storage when you have the following design requirements:

Low capacity
Extremely high performance

Supported: 512-byte sector disks for Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2. In addition, 512e disks are supported for Windows Server 2008 R2 with the following:

The hotfix described in Microsoft Knowledge Base article 982018, An update that improves the compatibility of Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 with Advanced Format Disks is available.
Windows Server 2008 R2 with Service Pack 1 (SP1) and Exchange Server 2010 SP1.

Best practice: Physical disk-write caching must be disabled when used without a UPS.

In general, Exchange 2010 Mailbox servers don't require the performance characteristics of SSD storage.

Factors to Consider When Choosing Disk Types

There are several trade-offs when choosing disk types for Exchange 2010 storage. The correct disk is one that balances performance (both sequential and random) with capacity, reliability, power utilization, and capital cost. The following table of supported physical disk types provides information to help you when considering these factors.

Factors in disk type choice

Disk speed (RPM)	Disk form factor	Interface or transport	Capacity	Random I/O performance	Sequential I/O performance	Power utilization
5,400	2.5-inch	SATA	Average	Poor	Poor	Excellent
5,400	3.5-inch	SATA	Excellent	Poor	Poor	Above average
7,200	2.5-inch	SATA	Average	Average	Average	Excellent
7,200	2.5-inch	Serial Attached SCSI	Average	Average	Above average	Excellent
7,200	3.5-inch	SATA	Excellent	Average	Above average	Above average
7,200	3.5-inch	Serial Attached SCSI	Excellent	Average	Above average	Above average
7,200	3.5-inch	Fibre Channel	Excellent	Average	Above average	Average
10,000	2.5-inch	Serial Attached SCSI	Below average	Excellent	Above average	Above average
10,000	3.5-inch	SATA	Average	Average	Above average	Above average
10,000	3.5-inch	Serial Attached SCSI	Average	Above average	Above average	Below average
10,000	3.5-inch	Fibre Channel	Average	Above average	Above average	Below average
15,000	2.5-inch	Serial Attached SCSI	Poor	Excellent	Excellent	Average
15,000	3.5-inch	Serial Attached SCSI	Average	Excellent	Excellent	Below average
15,000	3.5-inch	Fibre Channel	Average	Excellent	Excellent	Poor
SSD: enterprise class	Not applicable	SATA, Serial Attached SCSI, Fibre Channel	Poor	Excellent	Excellent	Excellent

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Best Practices for Supported Storage Configurations

This section provides best practice information about supported disk and array controller configurations.

Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) is often used to both improve the performance characteristics of individual disks (by striping data across several disks) as well as to provide protection from individual disk failures. With the advancements in Exchange 2010 high availability, RAID is no longer a required component for Exchange 2010 storage design. However, RAID is still an essential piece to Exchange 2010 storage design for stand-alone servers as well as high availability solutions that require either additional performance or greater storage reliability. The following table provides guidance for the common RAID types that can be used with the Exchange 2010 Mailbox server.

Supported data types for the Exchange 2010 Mailbox server role

Data type	Stand-alone: supported or best practice	High availability: supported or best practice
OS, system, or pagefile volume	Supported: All RAID types. Best practice: RAID1/10. Use a dedicated array group; don't host both system LUN and data LUNs on the same array group.	Supported: All RAID types. Best practice: RAID1/10. Use a dedicated array group; don't host both system LUN and data LUNs on the same array group.
Exchange mailbox database (.edb) file volume	Supported: All RAID types. Best practice: 5,400 or 7,200 disks = RAID1/10 only. RAID5* = Maximum of 7 disks per array group and array controller high priority scrubbing and surface scanning enabled. RAID6* = High priority scrubbing and surface scanning enabled.	Supported: All RAID types. Just a bunch of disks (JBOD) (not RAID) (three or more database copies). Best practice: 5,400 or 7,200 disks = RAID1/10 only or JBOD. When lagged, database copies should have two or more lagged copies, or lagged copies should be protected with RAID. RAID5* = Maximum of 7 disks per array group and array controller high priority scrubbing and surface scanning enabled. RAID6* = High priority scrubbing and surface scanning enabled.
Exchange mailbox database log volume	Supported: All RAID types. Best practice: RAID1/10.	Supported: All RAID types. JBOD (not RAID) (three or more database copies). Best practice: RAID1/10. When lagged, database copies should have two or more lagged copies, or lagged copies should be protected with RAID.

Data type

Stand-alone: supported or best practice

High availability: supported or best practice

OS, system, or pagefile volume

Supported: All RAID types.

Best practice: RAID1/10.

Use a dedicated array group; don't host both system LUN and data LUNs on the same array group.

Supported: All RAID types.

Best practice: RAID1/10.

Use a dedicated array group; don't host both system LUN and data LUNs on the same array group.

Exchange mailbox database (.edb) file volume

Supported: All RAID types.

Best practice: 5,400 or 7,200 disks = RAID1/10 only.

RAID5* = Maximum of 7 disks per array group and array controller high priority scrubbing and surface scanning enabled.

RAID6* = High priority scrubbing and surface scanning enabled.

Supported: All RAID types.

Just a bunch of disks (JBOD) (not RAID) (three or more database copies).

Best practice: 5,400 or 7,200 disks = RAID1/10 only or JBOD.

When lagged, database copies should have two or more lagged copies, or lagged copies should be protected with RAID.

RAID5* = Maximum of 7 disks per array group and array controller high priority scrubbing and surface scanning enabled.

RAID6* = High priority scrubbing and surface scanning enabled.

Exchange mailbox database log volume

Supported: All RAID types.

Best practice: RAID1/10.

Supported: All RAID types.

JBOD (not RAID) (three or more database copies).

Best practice: RAID1/10.

When lagged, database copies should have two or more lagged copies, or lagged copies should be protected with RAID.

*Includes RAID variations such as RAID50 or RAID51 for RAID5

The following table provides guidance about storage array configurations for Exchange 2010.

Supported RAID types for the Exchange 2010 Mailbox server role

RAID type	Description	Supported or best practice
Disk array RAID stripe size (KB)	The stripe size is the per disk unit of data distribution within a RAID set. Stripe size is also referred to as block size.	Best practice: 256 KB or greater. Follow storage vendor best practices.
Storage array cache settings	The cache settings are provided by a battery-backed caching array controller.	Best practice: 75 percent write cache and 25 percent read cache (battery-backed cache). Follow storage vendor best practices.
Physical disk write caching	The settings for the cache are on each individual disk.	Supported: Physical disk write caching must be disabled when used without a UPS.

The following table provides guidance about database and log file choices.

Database and log file choices for the Exchange 2010 Mailbox server role

Database and log file options	Description	Stand-alone: supported or best practice	High availability: supported or best practice
File placement: database per log isolation	Database per log isolation refers to placing the database file and logs from the same mailbox database onto different volumes backed by different physical disks.	Best practice: For recoverability, move database (.edb) file and logs from the same database to different volumes backed by different physical disks.	Supported: Isolation of logs and databases isn't required.
File placement: database files per volume	Database files per volume refers to how you distribute database files within or across disk volumes.	Best practice: Based on your backup methodology.	Supported: When using JBOD, divide a single disk into two volumes (one for database; one for log stream).
File placement: log streams per volume	Log streams per volume refers to how you distribute database log files within or across disk volumes.	Best practice: Based on your backup methodology.	Supported: When using JBOD, divide a single disk into two volumes (one for database; one for log stream). Best practice: When using JBOD, single database per log per volume.
Database size	Database size refers to the disk database (.edb) file size.	Supported: Approximately 16 terabytes. Best practice: 200 gigabytes (GB) or less. Provision for 120 percent of calculated maximum database size.	Supported: Approximately 16 terabytes. Best practice: 2 terabytes or less. Provision for 120 percent of calculated maximum database size.
Log truncation method	Log truncation method is the process for truncating and deleting old database log files. There are two mechanisms: Circular logging, in which Exchange deletes the logs. Log truncation, which occurs after a successful full or incremental Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS) backup.	Best practice: Use backups for log truncation (for example, circular logging disabled). Provision for three days of log generation capacity.	Best practice: Enable circular logging for deployments that use Exchange 2010 data protection features. Provision for three days beyond replay lag setting of log generation capacity.

The following table provides guidance about Windows disk types.

Windows disk types for the Exchange 2010 Mailbox server role

Windows disk type	Description	Stand-alone: supported or best practice	High availability: supported or best practice
Basic disk	A disk initialized for basic storage is called a basic disk. A basic disk contains basic volumes, such as primary partitions, extended partitions, and logical drives.	Supported. Best practice: Use basic disks.	Supported. Best practice: Use basic disks.
Dynamic disk	A disk initialized for dynamic storage is called a dynamic disk. A dynamic disk contains dynamic volumes, such as simple volumes, spanned volumes, striped volumes, mirrored volumes, and RAID-5 volumes.	Supported.	Supported.

Windows disk type

Description

Stand-alone: supported or best practice

High availability: supported or best practice

Basic disk

A disk initialized for basic storage is called a basic disk. A basic disk contains basic volumes, such as primary partitions, extended partitions, and logical drives.

Supported.

Best practice: Use basic disks.

Supported.

Best practice: Use basic disks.

Dynamic disk

A disk initialized for dynamic storage is called a dynamic disk. A dynamic disk contains dynamic volumes, such as simple volumes, spanned volumes, striped volumes, mirrored volumes, and RAID-5 volumes.

Supported.

The following table provides guidance on volume configurations.

Volume configurations for the Exchange 2010 Mailbox server role

Volume configuration	Description	Stand-alone: supported or best practice	High availability: supported or best practice
GUID partition table (GPT)	GPT is a disk architecture that expands on the older master boot record (MBR) partitioning scheme. The maximum NTFS formatted partition size is 256 terabytes.	Supported. Best practice: Use GPT partitions.	Supported. Best practice: Use GPT partitions.
MBR	An MBR, or partition sector, is the 512-byte boot sector that is the first sector (LBA Sector 0) of a partitioned data storage device such as a hard disk. The maximum NTFS formatted partition size is 2 terabytes.	Supported.	Supported.
Partition alignment	Partition alignment refers to aligning partitions on sector boundaries for optimal performance.	Supported: The Windows Server 2008 default is 1 megabyte (MB).	Supported: The Windows Server 2008 default is 1 MB.
Volume path	Volume path refers to how a volume is accessed.	Supported: Drive letter or mount point. Best practice: Mount point host volume must be RAID enabled.	Supported: Drive letter or mount point. Best practice: Mount point host volume must be RAID-enabled.
File system	File system is a method for storing and organizing computer files and the data they contain to make it easy to find and access the files.	Supported: NTFS support only.	Supported: NTFS support only.
NTFS defragmentation	NTFS defragmentation is a process that reduces the amount of fragmentation in Windows file systems. It does this by physically organizing the contents of the disk to store the pieces of each file close together and contiguously.	Supported. Best practice: Not required and not recommended.	Supported. Best practice: Not required and not recommended.
NTFS allocation unit size	NTFS allocation unit size represents the smallest amount of disk space that can be allocated to hold a file.	Supported: All allocation unit sizes. Best practice: 64 KB for both .edb and log file volumes.	Supported: All allocation unit sizes. Best practice: 64 KB for both .edb and log file volumes.
NTFS compression	NTFS compression is the process of reducing the actual size of a file stored on the hard disk.	Supported: Not supported for Exchange database or log files.	Supported: Not supported for Exchange database or log files.
NTFS Encrypting File System (EFS)	EFS enables users to encrypt individual files, folders, or entire data drives. Because EFS provides strong encryption through industry-standard algorithms and public key cryptography, encrypted files are confidential even if an attacker bypasses system security.	Supported: Not supported for Exchange database or log files.	Not supported for Exchange database or log files.
Windows BitLocker (volume encryption)	Windows BitLocker is a data protection feature in Windows Server 2008. BitLocker protects against data theft or exposure on computers that are lost or stolen, and it offers more secure data deletion when computers are decommissioned.	Supported: All Exchange database and log files.	Supported: All Exchange database and log files. Windows failover clusters require Windows Server 2008 R2 or Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 and the following hotfix: You cannot enable BitLocker on a disk volume in Windows Server 2008 R2 if the computer is a failover cluster node. Exchange volumes with Bitlocker enabled are not supported on Windows failover clusters running earlier versions of Windows. For more information about Windows 7 BitLocker encryption, see BitLocker Drive Encryption in Windows 7: Frequently Asked Questions.

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