SQL-CLR Type Mapping
In LINQ to SQL, the data model of a relational database maps to an object model that is expressed in the programming language of your choice. When the application runs, LINQ to SQL translates the language-integrated queries in the object model into SQL and sends them to the database for execution. When the database returns the results, LINQ to SQL translates the results back to objects that you can work with in your own programming language.
In order to translate data between the object model and the database, a type mapping must be defined. LINQ to SQL uses a type mapping to match each common language runtime (CLR) type with a particular SQL Server type. You can define type mappings and other mapping information, such as database structure and table relationships, inside the object model with attribute-based mapping. Alternatively, you can specify the mapping information outside the object model with an external mapping file. For more information, see Attribute-Based Mapping and External Mapping.
This topic discusses the following points:
Default Type Mapping
You can create the object model or external mapping file automatically with the Object Relational Designer (O/R Designer) or the SQLMetal command-line tool. The default type mappings for these tools define which CLR types are chosen to map to columns inside the SQL Server database. For more information about using these tools, see Creating the Object Model.
You can also use the CreateDatabase method to create a SQL Server database based on the mapping information in the object model or external mapping file. The default type mappings for the CreateDatabase method define which type of SQL Server columns are created to map to the CLR types in the object model. For more information, see How to: Dynamically Create a Database.
Type Mapping Run-time Behavior Matrix
The following diagram shows the expected run-time behavior of specific type mappings when data is retrieved from or saved to the database. With the exception of serialization, LINQ to SQL does not support mapping between any CLR or SQL Server data types that are not specified in this matrix. For more information on serialization support, see Binary Serialization.
Note
Some type mappings may result in overflow or data loss exceptions while translating to or from the database.
Custom Type Mapping
With LINQ to SQL, you are not limited to the default type mappings used by the O/R Designer, SQLMetal, and the CreateDatabase method. You can create custom type mappings by explicitly specifying them in a DBML file. Then you can use that DBML file to create the object model code and mapping file. For more information, see SQL-CLR Custom Type Mappings.
Behavior Differences Between CLR and SQL Execution
Because of differences in precision and execution between the CLR and SQL Server, you may receive different results or experience different behavior depending on where you perform your calculations. Calculations performed in LINQ to SQL queries are actually translated to Transact-SQL and then executed on the SQL Server database. Calculations performed outside LINQ to SQL queries are executed within the context of the CLR.
For example, the following are some differences in behavior between the CLR and SQL Server:
SQL Server orders some data types differently than data of equivalent type in the CLR. For example, SQL Server data of type
UNIQUEIDENTIFIERis ordered differently than CLR data of type System.Guid.SQL Server handles some string comparison operations differently than the CLR. In SQL Server, string comparison behavior depends on the collation settings on the server. For more information, see Working with Collations.
SQL Server may return different values for some mapped functions than the CLR. For example, equality functions will differ because SQL Server considers two strings to be equal if they only differ in trailing white space; whereas the CLR considers them to be not equal.
Enum Mapping
LINQ to SQL supports mapping the CLR System.Enum type to SQL Server types in two ways:
Mapping to SQL numeric types (
TINYINT,SMALLINT,INT,BIGINT)When you map a CLR System.Enum type to a SQL numeric type, you map the underlying integer value of the CLR System.Enum to the value of the SQL Server database column. For example, if a System.Enum named
DaysOfWeekcontains a member namedTuewith an underlying integer value of 3, that member maps to a database value of 3.Mapping to SQL text types (
CHAR,NCHAR,VARCHAR,NVARCHAR)When you map a CLR System.Enum type to a SQL text type, the SQL database value is mapped to the names of the CLR System.Enum members. For example, if a System.Enum named
DaysOfWeekcontains a member namedTuewith an underlying integer value of 3, that member maps to a database value ofTue.
Note
When mapping SQL text types to a CLR System.Enum, include only the names of the Enum members in the mapped SQL column. Other values are not supported in the Enum-mapped SQL column.
The O/R Designer and SQLMetal command-line tool cannot automatically map a SQL type to a CLR Enum class. You must explicitly configure this mapping by customizing a DBML file for use by the O/R Designer and SQLMetal. For more information about custom type mapping, see SQL-CLR Custom Type Mappings.
Because a SQL column intended for enumeration will be of the same type as other numeric and text columns; these tools will not recognize your intent and default to mapping as described in the following Numeric Mapping and Text and XML Mapping sections. For more information about generating code with the DBML file, see Code Generation in LINQ to SQL.
The DataContext.CreateDatabase method creates a SQL column of numeric type to map a CLR System.Enum type.
Numeric Mapping
LINQ to SQL lets you map many CLR and SQL Server numeric types. The following table shows the CLR types that O/R Designer and SQLMetal select when building an object model or external mapping file based on your database.
| SQL Server Type | Default CLR Type mapping used by O/R Designer and SQLMetal |
|---|---|
BIT |
System.Boolean |
TINYINT |
System.Int16 |
INT |
System.Int32 |
BIGINT |
System.Int64 |
SMALLMONEY |
System.Decimal |
MONEY |
System.Decimal |
DECIMAL |
System.Decimal |
NUMERIC |
System.Decimal |
REAL/FLOAT(24) |
System.Single |
FLOAT/FLOAT(53) |
System.Double |
The next table shows the default type mappings used by the DataContext.CreateDatabase method to define which type of SQL columns are created to map to the CLR types defined in your object model or external mapping file.
| CLR Type | Default SQL Server Type used by DataContext.CreateDatabase |
|---|---|
| System.Boolean | BIT |
| System.Byte | TINYINT |
| System.Int16 | SMALLINT |
| System.Int32 | INT |
| System.Int64 | BIGINT |
| System.SByte | SMALLINT |
| System.UInt16 | INT |
| System.UInt32 | BIGINT |
| System.UInt64 | DECIMAL(20) |
| System.Decimal | DECIMAL(29,4) |
| System.Single | REAL |
| System.Double | FLOAT |
There are many other numeric mappings you can choose, but some may result in overflow or data loss exceptions while translating to or from the database. For more information, see the Type Mapping Run Time Behavior Matrix.
Decimal and Money Types
The default precision of SQL Server DECIMAL type (18 decimal digits to the left and right of the decimal point) is much smaller than the precision of the CLR System.Decimal type that it is paired with by default. This can result in precision loss when you save data to the database. However, just the opposite can happen if the SQL Server DECIMAL type is configured with greater than 29 digits of precision. When a SQL Server DECIMAL type has been configured with a greater precision than the CLR System.Decimal, precision loss can occur when retrieving data from the database.
The SQL Server MONEY and SMALLMONEY types, which are also paired with the CLR System.Decimal type by default, have a much smaller precision, which can result in overflow or data loss exceptions when saving data to the database.
Text and XML Mapping
There are also many text-based and XML types that you can map with LINQ to SQL. The following table shows the CLR types that O/R Designer and SQLMetal select when building an object model or external mapping file based on your database.
| SQL Server Type | Default CLR Type mapping used by O/R Designer and SQLMetal |
|---|---|
CHAR |
System.String |
NCHAR |
System.String |
VARCHAR |
System.String |
NVARCHAR |
System.String |
TEXT |
System.String |
NTEXT |
System.String |
XML |
System.Xml.Linq.XElement |
The next table shows the default type mappings used by the DataContext.CreateDatabase method to define which type of SQL columns are created to map to the CLR types defined in your object model or external mapping file.
| CLR Type | Default SQL Server Type used by DataContext.CreateDatabase |
|---|---|
| System.Char | NCHAR(1) |
| System.String | NVARCHAR(4000) |
| System.Char[] | NVARCHAR(4000) |
Custom type implementing Parse() and ToString() |
NVARCHAR(MAX) |
There are many other text-based and XML mappings you can choose, but some may result in overflow or data loss exceptions while translating to or from the database. For more information, see the Type Mapping Run Time Behavior Matrix.
XML Types
The SQL Server XML data type is available starting in Microsoft SQL Server 2005. You can map the SQL Server XML data type to XElement, XDocument, or String. If the column stores XML fragments that cannot be read into XElement, the column must be mapped to String to avoid run-time errors. XML fragments that must be mapped to String include the following:
A sequence of XML elements
Attributes
Public Identifiers (PI)
Comments
Although you can map XElement and XDocument to SQL Server as shown in the Type Mapping Run Time Behavior Matrix, the DataContext.CreateDatabase method has no default SQL Server type mapping for these types.
Custom Types
If a class implements Parse() and ToString(), you can map the object to any SQL text type (CHAR, NCHAR, VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, TEXT, NTEXT, XML). The object is stored in the database by sending the value returned by ToString() to the mapped database column. The object is reconstructed by invoking Parse() on the string returned by the database.
Note
LINQ to SQL does not support serialization by using System.Xml.Serialization.IXmlSerializable.
Date and Time Mapping
With LINQ to SQL, you can map many SQL Server date and time types. The following table shows the CLR types that O/R Designer and SQLMetal select when building an object model or external mapping file based on your database.
| SQL Server Type | Default CLR Type mapping used by O/R Designer and SQLMetal |
|---|---|
SMALLDATETIME |
System.DateTime |
DATETIME |
System.DateTime |
DATETIME2 |
System.DateTime |
DATETIMEOFFSET |
System.DateTimeOffset |
DATE |
System.DateTime |
TIME |
System.TimeSpan |
The next table shows the default type mappings used by the DataContext.CreateDatabase method to define which type of SQL columns are created to map to the CLR types defined in your object model or external mapping file.
| CLR Type | Default SQL Server Type used by DataContext.CreateDatabase |
|---|---|
| System.DateTime | DATETIME |
| System.DateTimeOffset | DATETIMEOFFSET |
| System.TimeSpan | TIME |
There are many other date and time mappings you can choose, but some may result in overflow or data loss exceptions while translating to or from the database. For more information, see the Type Mapping Run Time Behavior Matrix.
Note
The SQL Server types DATETIME2, DATETIMEOFFSET, DATE, and TIME are available starting with Microsoft SQL Server 2008. LINQ to SQL supports mapping to these new types starting with the .NET Framework version 3.5 SP1.
System.Datetime
The range and precision of the CLR System.DateTime type is greater than the range and precision of the SQL Server DATETIME type, which is the default type mapping for the DataContext.CreateDatabase method. To help avoid exceptions related to dates outside the range of DATETIME, use DATETIME2, which is available starting with Microsoft SQL Server 2008. DATETIME2 can match the range and precision of the CLR System.DateTime.
SQL Server dates have no concept of TimeZone, a feature that is richly supported in the CLR. TimeZone values are saved as is to the database without TimeZone conversion, regardless of the original DateTimeKind information. When DateTime values are retrieved from the database, their value is loaded as is into a DateTime with a DateTimeKind of Unspecified. For more information about supported System.DateTime methods, see System.DateTime Methods.
System.TimeSpan
Microsoft SQL Server 2008 and the .NET Framework 3.5 SP1 let you map the CLR System.TimeSpan type to the SQL Server TIME type. However, there is a large difference between the range that the CLR System.TimeSpan supports and what the SQL Server TIME type supports. Mapping values less than 0 or greater than 23:59:59.9999999 hours to the SQL TIME will result in overflow exceptions. For more information, see System.TimeSpan Methods.
In Microsoft SQL Server 2000 and SQL Server 2005, you cannot map database fields to TimeSpan. However, operations on TimeSpan are supported because TimeSpan values can be returned from DateTime subtraction or introduced into an expression as a literal or bound variable.
Binary Mapping
There are many SQL Server types that can map to the CLR type System.Data.Linq.Binary. The following table shows the SQL Server types that cause O/R Designer and SQLMetal to define a CLR System.Data.Linq.Binary type when building an object model or external mapping file based on your database.
| SQL Server Type | Default CLR Type mapping used by O/R Designer and SQLMetal |
|---|---|
BINARY(50) |
System.Data.Linq.Binary |
VARBINARY(50) |
System.Data.Linq.Binary |
VARBINARY(MAX) |
System.Data.Linq.Binary |
VARBINARY(MAX) with the FILESTREAM attribute |
System.Data.Linq.Binary |
IMAGE |
System.Data.Linq.Binary |
TIMESTAMP |
System.Data.Linq.Binary |
The next table shows the default type mappings used by the DataContext.CreateDatabase method to define which type of SQL columns are created to map to the CLR types defined in your object model or external mapping file.
| CLR Type | Default SQL Server Type used by DataContext.CreateDatabase |
|---|---|
| System.Data.Linq.Binary | VARBINARY(MAX) |
| System.Byte | VARBINARY(MAX) |
| System.Runtime.Serialization.ISerializable | VARBINARY(MAX) |
There are many other binary mappings you can choose, but some may result in overflow or data loss exceptions while translating to or from the database. For more information, see the Type Mapping Run Time Behavior Matrix.
SQL Server FILESTREAM
The FILESTREAM attribute for VARBINARY(MAX) columns is available starting with Microsoft SQL Server 2008; you can map to it with LINQ to SQL starting with the .NET Framework version 3.5 SP1.
Although you can map VARBINARY(MAX) columns with the FILESTREAM attribute to Binary objects, the DataContext.CreateDatabase method is unable to automatically create columns with the FILESTREAM attribute. For more information about FILESTREAM, see FILESTREAM Overview.
Binary Serialization
If a class implements the ISerializable interface, you can serialize an object to any SQL binary field (BINARY, VARBINARY, IMAGE). The object is serialized and deserialized according to how the ISerializable interface is implemented. For more information, see Binary Serialization.
Miscellaneous Mapping
The following table shows the default type mappings for some miscellaneous types that have not yet been mentioned. The following table shows the CLR types that O/R Designer and SQLMetal select when building an object model or external mapping file based on your database.
| SQL Server Type | Default CLR Type mapping used by O/R Designer and SQLMetal |
|---|---|
UNIQUEIDENTIFIER |
System.Guid |
SQL_VARIANT |
System.Object |
The next table shows the default type mappings used by the DataContext.CreateDatabase method to define which type of SQL columns are created to map to the CLR types defined in your object model or external mapping file.
| CLR Type | Default SQL Server Type used by DataContext.CreateDatabase |
|---|---|
| System.Guid | UNIQUEIDENTIFIER |
| System.Object | SQL_VARIANT |
LINQ to SQL does not support any other type mappings for these miscellaneous types. For more information, see the Type Mapping Run Time Behavior Matrix.